342 research outputs found

    Features of Linguistic and Cultural Type β€œBureaucrat”: Compatibility of Adjective <i>bureaucratic</i>

    Get PDF
    The article is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic and cultural type β€œRussian bureaucrat”. The compatibility of the adjective bureaucratic is investigated according to the texts of the XIX - XXI centuries included in the National corpus of the Russian language. The novelty of the study is that to describe the character traits of the linguocultural type β€œRussian bureaucrat”, the authors refer to the compatibility of an adjective derived from the character type. It is noted that the connotative component in the meaning of the adjective determines an almost exclusively negative interpretation of the image: the pejorative component of the value determines the compatibility of the studied adjective with the designations of negative qualities. The authors dwell on the ideas that have developed in the Russian linguistic consciousness about the character of the Russian bureaucrat, and trace their transformations over two centuries. The analysis of the compatibility of the adjective showed that the linguistic and cultural character β€œRussian bureaucrat” is characterized by indifference, ignorance, cowardice, arrogance, insincerity. The authors of the article conclude that in the Russian language picture of the world indifference and cowardice are attributed to bureaucrats of different periods of Russian history, while ostentatious arrogance is noted mainly in the descriptions of officials of the past, and markers of ignorance and insincerity are more frequent in the characteristics of modern officials

    New and Old Results in Resultant Theory

    Full text link
    Resultants are getting increasingly important in modern theoretical physics: they appear whenever one deals with non-linear (polynomial) equations, with non-quadratic forms or with non-Gaussian integrals. Being a subject of more than three-hundred-year research, resultants are of course rather well studied: a lot of explicit formulas, beautiful properties and intriguing relationships are known in this field. We present a brief overview of these results, including both recent and already classical. Emphasis is made on explicit formulas for resultants, which could be practically useful in a future physics research.Comment: 50 pages, 15 figure

    More results from the OPERA experiment

    Get PDF
    The OPERA experiment reached its main goal by proving the appearance of Ξ½Ο„ in the CNGS Ξ½ΞΌ beam. Five Ξ½Ο„ candidates were detected with a S/B ratio of ∼ 10, allowing to reject the null hypothesis at 5.1Οƒ. The search has been extended by loosening the selection criteria in order to improve the statistical uncertainty. One of the Ξ½Ο„ candidates selected with the new strategy shows a double vertex topology and, after a dedicated multivariate analysis, is compatible with being a Ξ½Ο„ interaction with charm production. Based on the enlarged data sample the estimation of Ξ”m2 23 in appearance mode is being performed. The search for Ξ½e interactions has been extended over the full data set with a more than twofold increase in statistics: data are compatible with the non-oscillation hypothesis in the three-flavour mixing model. The implications of the electron neutrino sample in the framework of the 3+1 sterile mode will lead to exclusion limits on sin2 2ΞΈΞΌe. Finally, the analysis of the annual modulation of cosmic muons is introduced

    THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION OF STUDENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENT

    Full text link
    The article substantiates the need for psychological and pedagogical support of students at the stage of adaptation to higher education. The concept of the problem of adaptation of students is given. The analysis of the current points of view on the problem of reducing adaptation barriers for students is made.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ обоснована Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ психолого-пСдагогичСского сопровоТдСния студСнтов Π½Π° этапС Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΡƒΠ·Ρƒ. ΠšΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ понятиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ студСнтов. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π² настоящСС врСмя Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ зрСния ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ сниТСния Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² для студСнтов

    ΠžΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ‹ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° Π² систСмах экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ насосом ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ смСси Π°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–аллилацСтат с Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ

    Get PDF
    Objectives. To investigate the influence of side-section flow modes on the energy efficiency of a partially thermally coupled distillation sequence (PTCDS) with a vapor recompression heat pump for the extractive distillation of an allyl alcohol–allyl acetate mixture with n-butyl propionate and identify modes under which the combined use of a PTCDS and heat pump are the most efficient.Methods. Mathematical modeling in the Aspen Plus V10 software package was used as the main research method. The local composition equation of the non-random two-liquid model was used as a model for describing the vapor–liquid equilibrium, while the Redlich–Kwong model was used to consider the non-ideal vapor phase. When modeling the conventional extractive distillation scheme and PTCDS, parametric optimization was carried out according to the criterion of the total energy costs in the column reboilers. For the economical evaluation, Aspen Process Economic Analyzer V10.1 tools were used.Results. For extractive distillation of a mixture of allyl alcohol (30 wt %) and allyl acetate (70 wt %) with n-butyl propionate as an entrainer, the minimum energy consumption was achieved at the same side-section flow mode for the variants of a PTCDS with and without a heat pump. The reduction in energy costs relative to the conventional scheme was 20% for the sequence without a heat pump and 38% for that with a heat pump. An economic assessment was made of the best options in comparison with the conventional extractive distillation scheme. The PTCDS with a heat pump had an advantage over the sequence without a heat pump only for long periods of operation.Conclusions. For the extractive distillation of an allyl alcohol–allyl acetate mixture, the optimal modes for the combined use of a PTCDS with a vapor recompression heat pump coincide with the optimal modes for a PTCDS without a heat pump.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ влияниС Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ комплСкса с частично связанными Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ЧБВМП) с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ насосом (ВН) ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси Π°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–аллилацСтат с Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ условия, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… совмСстноС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ комплСкса с ЧБВМП совмСстно с ВН Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ эффСктивно.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ комплСксС Aspen Plus V10. Для модСлирования пароТидкостного равновСсия примСняли ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… составов модСль Non-Random Two Liquid, Π° для ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ – модСль Π Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ…Π°-Квонга. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ комплСкса с ЧБВМП ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ суммарных энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½. Для экономичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ примСняли инструмСнты Aspen Process Economic Analyzer V10.1.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Для экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси 30 мас. % Π°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ спирта ΠΈ 70 мас. % Π°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° с Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π² качСствС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌ энСргозатрат достигаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ количСствС Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ для Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° комплСкса с ЧБВМП с ВН, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы для комплСкса Π±Π΅Π· ВН составляСт 20%, Π° с ВН – 38%. Π‘Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° экономичСская ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмой экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ комплСкса c ЧБВМП с ВН ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ прСимущСство Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сроках эксплуатации. Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ для экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси Π°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–аллилацСтат ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ‹ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ совмСстном ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ комплСкса с ЧБВМП с ВН ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ комплСкса с ЧБВМП Π±Π΅Π· ВН ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚

    ЭнСргосбСрСТСниС Π² экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–изобутилацСтат с Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ

    Get PDF
    Objectives. Determination of the effectiveness of using various types of heat pumps in the extractive distillation of an isobutyl alcohol–isobutyl acetate mixture with n-butyl propionate as the entrainer.Methods. As the main research method, mathematical modeling was performed using the Aspen Plus V. 9 software package. As a model for describing the vapor–liquid equilibrium, the local composition equation-based UNIQUAC model was employed, and the Redlich–Kwong model was adopted to examine the non-ideal vapor phase. When modeling the conventional scheme of extractive distillation, parametric optimization was carried out according to the criterion of total energy costs in the reboilers of the columns. For economical evaluation, Aspen Process Economic Analyzer V10.1 tools were employed. Results. In comparison with the conventional extractive distillation scheme, three variants of schemes with vapor-recompression heat pumps were considered: with a heat pump placed on an extractive distillation column, on an extractive agent regeneration column, and with two heat pumps placed on both columns of the scheme. A scheme with an internal heat pump was also proposed, in which the heat pump compressor is located between sections of extractive columns that operate at different pressures: 506.6 kPa in the top sections and 101.3 in the bottom section. An economic analysis was conducted for all the considered schemes to calculate the total annual costs. It was shown that schemes with vapor-recompression heat pumps can significantly reduce the energy costs of extractive distillation by up to 39.6%; however, a significant reduction in the total annual costs is achieved only with sufficiently long operation periods of the plants. The reduction in the energy costs in the scheme with an internal heat pump was 44%, and the total annual costs were in the range of 20.2–30.1%, depending on the operating time of the plant. Conclusions. It was shown that using heat pumps in the extractive distillation of the mixture of isobutyl alcohol–isobutyl acetate with n-butyl propionate as the entrainer can significantly reduce energy costs. The scheme with an internal heat pump is the most economical of all the considered schemes.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ эффСктивности примСнСния Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… насосов Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–изобутилацСтат с Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π² качСствС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Основной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ исслСдования – матСматичСскоС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ комплСксС Aspen Plus V. 9. Π’ качСствС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ описания пароТидкостного равновСсия ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ основанная Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… составов модСль UNIQUAC, для ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ – модСль Π Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ…Π°β€“ΠšΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π³Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмы экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ парамСтричСская оптимизация ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ суммарных энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½. Для экономичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ инструмСнты Aspen Process Economic Analyzer V10.1.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ сравнСнии с Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ схСмой экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ рассмотрСно Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° схСмы с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… насосов ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° – с Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ насоса Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ с Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… насосов Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ… схСмы. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° схСма с Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ насосом, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ компрСссор Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ насоса располоТСн ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ сСкциями экстрактивной ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… давлСниях – 506.6 кПа Π² ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ экстрактивной сСкциях ΠΈ 101.3 Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. Π‘Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° экономичСская ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° всСх рассмотрСнных схСм ΠΈ вычислСниС ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ схСм с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ насосами ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° позволяСт Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ 39.6%, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ энСргСтичСскиС Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ сниТСниС ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ достигаСтся Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ достаточно большом срокС функционирования установок. Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π² схСмС с Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ насосом составило 44%, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ – 20.2–30.1% Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ функционирования установки.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… насосов Π² процСссС экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ спирт–изобутилацСтат с Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π² качСствС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° позволяСт Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ энСргСтичСскиС Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. НаиболСС экономичной ΠΈΠ· рассмотрСнных являСтся схСма с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ насоса

    ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° энСргСтичСской эффСктивности схСм нСадиабатичСской Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ацСтон–толуол–н-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с использованиСм экстрактивного Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅

    Get PDF
    Objectives.Β To investigate the effectiveness of various options for organizing the process of diabatic distillation in the separation of a mixture of acetone–toluene–n-butanol by extractive distillation (ED) with dimethylformamide as an entrainer in a scheme where an entrainer is used in the first column.Methods.Β Mathematical modeling in the Aspen Plus v. 12.1 software package was used as the primary research method. The local Non-Random Two Liquid composition equation was used as a model for describing vapor–liquid equilibrium. Parametric optimization of diabatic schemes was carried out according to the criterion of reduced energy costs.Results.Β Based on ED scheme for an acetone–toluene–n-butanol mixture with an entrainer in the first column, four options for organizing diabatic distillation schemes were considered, both with and without increasing the temperature of the flows due to compression.Conclusion.Β It is shown that the use of diabatic schemes in the ED of an acetone–toluene–n-butanol mixture with dimethylformamide can decrease energy consumption by 11–17%. While the maximum reduction in energy consumption is achieved in a scheme using a compressor, the efficiency of schemes without a compressor is slightly lower. Nevertheless, the technological design of the latter is much simpler.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ процСсса нСдиабатичСской Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ смСси ацСтон–толуол–н-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ с Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² схСмС с использованиСм экстрактивного Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ комплСксС Aspen Plus v. 12.1. Для модСлирования пароТидкостного равновСсия примСняли ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… составов Non-Random Two Liquid. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ оптимизация нСадСабатичСских схСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. На основС схСмы экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ацСтон–толуол–н-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с использованиСм Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ рассмотрСно Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ схСм нСадиабатичСской Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π° счСт сТатия Π² компрСссорС, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСадиабатичСских схСм Π² экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси ацСтон–толуол–н-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ позволяСт ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ энСргСтичСскиС Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° 11–17%, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом максимальноС сниТСниС энСргозатрат достигаСтся Π² схСмС с использованиСм компрСссора. Однако ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ схСм Π±Π΅Π· компрСссора Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ тСхнологичСскоС ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ сущСствСнно ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‰Π΅

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ схСм нСадиабатичСской экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π·Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² для раздСлСния смСси Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½-Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΠ»-Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»

    Get PDF
    Objectives. The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the use of various options for organizing the process of diabatic distillation in the separation of a mixture of acetone-toluene-n-butanol by extractive distillation using dimethylformamide as an entrainer in a scheme with preliminary separation of azeotropic components.Methods. As the main research method, mathematical modeling in the Aspen Plus V. 12 software package was used. As a model for describing vapor-liquid equilibrium, the local composition Non-Random Two Liquid equation model was used. Parametric optimization of diabatic schemes was carried out according to the criterion of reduced energy costs.Results. Based on the scheme for extractive distillation of an acetone-toluene-n-butanol mixture with preliminary separation of azeotropic components, five options for organizing diabatic distillation schemes were considered, both with and without use of a compressor to reach a required flows temperature.Conclusion. It is shown that the use of diabatic schemes in the extractive distillation of a acetone-toluene-n-butanol mixture with dimethylformamide makes it possible to diminish the reduced energy costs by 8.9-43.5%. Meanwhile the maximum reduction in energy consumption is achieved in a scheme where upper vapor flows of two other columns are used to heat the azeotropic components separating column.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ИсслСдованиС энСргСтичСской эффСктивности примСнСния нСадиабатичСской экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ смСси Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½-Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΠ»-Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² качСствС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π² схСмС с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π·Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ².ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π’ качСствС основного ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° исслСдования ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ матСматичСскоС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с использованиСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комплСкса Aspen Plus V. 12. ΠœΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ пароТидкостного равновСсия ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… составов Non-Random Two Liquid. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ оптимизация нСадиабатичСских схСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… энСргСтичСских Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. На основС схСмы экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ смСси Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½-Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΠ»-Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π·Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ рассмотрСно ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ схСм нСадиабатичСской Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ с использованиСм компрСссора для достиТСния Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСадиабатичСской экстрактивной Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² схСмС раздСлСния смСси Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½-Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΠ»-Π½-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ» с Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π·Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² позволяСт ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ энСргСтичСскиС Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° 8.9-43.5%, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом максимальноС сниТСниС энСргозатрат достигаСтся Π² схСмС с использованиСм для ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ отдСлСния Π°Π·Π΅ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½

    Introduction to Khovanov Homologies. I. Unreduced Jones superpolynomial

    Full text link
    An elementary introduction to Khovanov construction of superpolynomials. Despite its technical complexity, this method remains the only source of a definition of superpolynomials from the first principles and therefore is important for development and testing of alternative approaches. In this first part of the review series we concentrate on the most transparent and unambiguous part of the story: the unreduced Jones superpolynomials in the fundamental representation and consider the 2-strand braids as the main example. Already for the 5_1 knot the unreduced superpolynomial contains more items than the ordinary Jones.Comment: 33 page
    • …
    corecore